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| Rev.4.1_00 BATTERY PROTECTION IC (FOR A 2-SERIAL-CELL PACK) S-8232 Series The 8232 is a series of lithium-ion rechargeable battery protection ICs incorporating high-accuracy voltage detection circuits and delay circuits. The S-8232 is suitable for a 2-serial-cell lithium-ion battery pack. Features (1) Internal high-accuracy voltage detection circuit Overcharge detection voltage Overcharge release voltage 3.90 V 25 mV to 4.60 V 25 mV 5 mV- step 3.60 V 50 mV to 4.60 V 50 mV 5 mV- step (The Overcharge release voltage can be selected within the range where a difference from Overcharge detection voltage is 0 to 0.3 V) Overdischarge detection voltage Overdischarge release voltage 1.70 V 80 mV to 2.60 V 80 mV 50 mV- step 1.70 V 100 mV to 3.80 V 100 mV 50 mV - step (The Overdischarge release voltage can be selected within the range where a difference from Overdischarge detection voltage is 0 to 1.2 V) Overcurrent detection voltage 1 0.07 V 20 mV to 0.30 V 20 mV 5 mV-step (2) (3) (4) High input-voltage device (absolute maximum rating: 18 V) Wide operating voltage range: 2.0 V to 16 V The delay time for every detection can be set via an external capacitor. Each delay time for Overcharge detection, Overdischarge detection, Overcurrent detection are "Proportion of hundred to ten to one." (5) (6) (7) (8) Two overcurrent detection levels (protection for short-circuiting) Internal auxiliary over voltage detection circuit (Fail safe for over voltage) Internal charge circuit for 0 V battery (Unavailable is option) Low current consumption Operation Power-down mode (9) 7.5 A typ. 14.2 A max (-40 to +85 C) 0.2 nA typ. 0.1 A max (-40 to +85 C) TSSOP package (8-pin) 6.4 mmx3.1 mm Applications Lithium-ion rechargeable battery packs Package 8-PinTSSOP (PKG code:FT008-A) Seiko Instruments Inc. 1 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Rev. 4.1_00 Selection Guide (01 .Nov ,2001) Table1 Model/Item Overcharge detection voltage1,2 (VCU1,2) 4.25V25mV 4.35V25mV 4.35V25mV 4.35V25mV 4.25V25mV 4.25V25mV 4.25V25mV 4.325V25mV 4.25V25mV 4.20V25mV 4.30V25mV 4.19V25mV 4.325V25mV 4.30V25mV 4.28V25mV 4.325V25mV 4.295V25mV 4.125V25mV 4.30V25mV 4.30V25mV 4.35V25mV 4.325V25mV 4.30V25mV 4.30V25mV 4.325V25mV 4.275 V25 mV 4.35 V25 mV Overdischarge Overcharge detection release voltage1,2 voltage1,2 (VCD1,2) (VDD1,2) 4.0550mV 4.1550mV 4.1550mV 4.2850mV 4.0550mV 4.0550mV 4.0550mV 4.325V25mV 4.0550mV 4.0050mV 4.0550mV 4.19 V25mV 1) 4.325V25mV 4.0550mV 4.0550mV 4.325V25mV 1),3) 4.2050mV 4.12525mV 4.1050mV 4.05V50mV 4.15V50mV 4.200V50mV 4.05V50mV 4.05V50mV 4.325V25mV 1), 3) 4.05 V50 mV 4.15 V50 mV 3) 1) 1),3) 1),2) Overdischarge release voltage1,2 (VDU1,2) 3.00V100mV 3.00V100mV 3.00V100mV 2.80V100mV 2.70V100mV 2.40V100mV 2.40V100mV 3.00V100mV 3.00V100mV 2.90V100mV 3.00V100mV 3.00V100mV 3.00V100mV 3.00V100mV 2.90V100mV 2.50V100mV 3.00V100mV 3.00V100mV 3.00V100mV 3.00V100mV 3.00V100mV 3.00V100mV 2.00V80mV 2.30V80mV 3.00V100mV Overcurrent detection voltage1 (VIOV1) 0.150V20mV 0.300V20mV 0.300V20mV 0.100V20mV 0.300V20mV 0.200V20mV 0.300V20mV 0.300V20mV 0.150V20mV 0.200V20mV 0.200V20mV 0.190V20mV 0.300V20mV 0.230V20mV 0.100V20mV 0.300V20mV 0.300V20mV 0.190V20mV 0.200V20mV 0.300V20mV 0.150V20mV 0.20V20mV 0.20V20mV 0.20V20mV 0.15V20mV Overcharge 0 V battery detection delay charging time (tCU) function C3=0.22 F 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s 1.0 s Available Available Unavailable Available Available Available Available Unavailable Unavailable Available Available Available Unavailable Available Unavailable Unavailable Unavailable Available Unavailable Available Unavailable Unavailable Available Available Unavailable Unavailable Available S-8232AAFT S-8232ABFT S-8232ACFT S-8232AEFT S-8232AFFT S-8232AGFT S-8232AHFT S-8232AIFT S-8232AJFT S-8232AKFT S-8232ALFT S-8232AMFT S-8232ANFT S-8232AOFT S-8232APFT S-8232ARFT S-8232ASFT 4) 2.40V80mV 2.30V80mV 2.30V80mV 2.15V80mV 2.30V80mV 2.20V80mV 2.20V80mV 2.40V80mV 2.40V80mV 2.30V80mV 2.00V80mV 2.00V80mV 2.40V80mV 2.00V80mV 2.30V80mV 2.00V80mV 2.30V80mV 2.00V80mV 2.40V80mV 2.00V80mV 2.30V80mV 2.30V80mV 2.00V80mV 2.30V80mV 2.40V80mV S-8232ATFT S-8232AUFT S-8232AVFT S-8232AWFT S-8232AXFT S-8232AYFT S-8232AZFT S-8232NAFT S-8232NCFT S-8232NDFT 1): 2): 3): 4): 2.20 V80 mV 3.00 V100 mV 0.20 V20 mV 2.30 V80 mV 2.30 V80 mV 0.15 V20 mV No overcharge detection/release hysteresis The magnification of final overcharge is 1.11; other is 1.25. No final overcharging function Refer to the Description of Operation (*3). Change in the detection voltage is available. Please contact SII sales office. The overdischarge detection voltage can be selected within the range from 1.7 to 3.0 V. When the overdischarge detection voltage is higher than 2.6 V, the overcharge detection voltage and the overcharge release voltage are limited as table 2. Overdischarge detection voltage1,2 (VDD1,2) 1.70 to 2.60 V 1.70 to 2.80 V 1.70 to 3.00 V Table 2 Overcharge detection Voltage difference between overcharge detection voltage voltage1,2 (VCU1,2) and overcharge release voltage (VCU1,2 - VCD1,2) 3.90 to 4.60 V 3.90 to 4.60 V 3.90 to 4.50 V 0 to 0.30 V 0 to 0.20 V 0 to 0.10 V 2 Seiko Instruments Inc. Rev. 4.1_00 Block Diagram Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series VCC Reference voltage 1 SENS Auxiliary Over charge detector 1 + + + Over charge detector 1 DO Control Logic Delay circuit control signal Over discharge detector 1 VC CO Over discharge detector 2 RCOL + + + - Over charge detector 2 Over current detection circuit Delay circuit control signal Delay circuit control signal Delay circuit control signal Delay circuit DO,CO control signal VM VSS Auxiliary Over charge Reference detector 2 voltage 2 ICT Figure 1 Output impedance when CO terminal output `L' is higher than DO terminal. RCOL resistor is connected with CO terminal. Please refer `Electric Characteristics'. Seiko Instruments Inc. 3 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Rev. 4.1_00 Pin Assignment Top View 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5 TSSOP-8 Figure 2 Pin Description Table 3 No. 1 2 3 4 Name SENS DO CO VM Description Detection pin for voltage between SENS and VC (Detection for overcharge and overdischarge) FET gate connection pin for discharge control (CMOS output) FET gate connection pin for charge control (CMOS output) Detection pin for voltage between VM and VSS (Overcurrent detection pin) 5 6 7 8 VSS ICT VC VCC Negative power input pin Capacitor connection pin for detection delay Middle voltage input pin Positive power input pin Absolute Maximum Ratings Table 4 Item Input voltage between VCC and VSS SENS Input terminal voltage ICT Input terminal voltage VM Input terminal voltage DO output terminal voltage CO output terminal voltage Power dissipation Operating temperature range Storage temperature range Symbol VDS VSENS VICT VVM VDO VCO PD Topr Tstg Applied Pins VCC SENS ICT VM DO CO Rating VSS-0.3 to VSS+18 VSS-0.3 to VCC+0.3 VSS-0.3 to VCC+0.3 VCC-18 to VCC+0.3 VSS-0.3 to VCC+0.3 VVM-0.3 to VCC+0.3 300 -40 to +85 -40 to +125 Ta = 25C Unit V V V V V V mW C C 4 Seiko Instruments Inc. Rev. 4.1_00 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Electrical Characteristics Table 5 Item Detection voltage Overcharge detection voltage 1,2 Symbol Condition Circuit Unless otherwise noted, Ta = 25C Notice Min. VCU1,2 -0.025 VCU1,2 x1.21 Typ. VCU1,2 VCU1,2 x1.25 VCU1,2 x1.11 VCD1,2 VDD1,2 VDU1,2 VIOV1 -1.20 0 -0.05 Max. VCU1,2 +0.025 VCU1,2 x1.29 VCU1,2 x1.15 VCD1,2 +0.050 VDD1,2 +0.080 VDU1,2 +0.100 VIOV1+0.020 -0.83 0.6 0 Unit V V VCU1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 Auxiliary overcharge detection VCUaux1,2 voltage 1,2 (4) VCUaux1,2 = VCU1,2x1.25 or VCUaux1,2 VCUaux1,2 = VCU1,2x1.11 Overcharge release voltage 1,2 VCD1,2 Overdischarge detection voltage 1,2 Overdischarge release voltage 1,2 Overcurrent detection voltage 1 Overcurrent detection voltage 2 Temperature coefficient 1 for detection voltage (1) Temperature coefficient 2 for detection voltage (2) Delay time (C3=0.22 F) Overcharge detection delay time1,2 Overdischarge detection delay time 1,2 Overcurrent detection delay time1 Input voltage Input voltage between VCC and VSS Operating voltage Operating voltage between VCC and VSS (3) Current consumption Current consumption during normal operation Current consumption at power down Output voltage DO"H"voltage DO"L"voltage CO"H"voltage CO pin internal resistance Resistance between VSS and CO Internal resistance Resistance between VCC and VM Resistance between VSS and VM 0 V battery charging function 0 V charge starting voltage 0 V charge inhibiting voltage 1,2 (1) (2) (3) (4) VDD1,2 VDU1,2 VIOV1 VIOV2 TCOE1 TCOE2 Between 3.90 and 4.60 VCU1,2x1.25 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 VCU1,2 x1.07 Between 3.60 and VCD1,2 4.60 -0.050 Between 1.70 and VDD1,2 2.60 -0.080 Between 1.70 and VDU1,2 3.80 -0.100 Between 0.07 to 0.30 VIOV1-0.020 VCC Reference -1.57 Ta=-40 to 85C -0.6 Ta=-40 to 85C -0.24 VCU1,2x1.11 V V V V V V mV/C mV/C tCU1,2 tDD1,2 tIOV1 VDS 8,9 8,9 10 5 5 5 1.0 s 0.1 s 0.01 s Absolute maximum rating 0.73 68 6.7 -0.3 2.0 1.00 100 10 - - 1.35 138 13.9 18 16 s ms ms VDSOP V IOPE IPDN 4 4 2 2 V1=V2=3.6 V V1=V2=1.5 V 2.1 0 7.5 0.0002 12.7 0.04 A A VDO(H) VDO(L) VCO(H) RCOL Rvcm Rvsm V0CHA V0INH1,2 6 6 7 7 5 5 11 12,13 3 3 4 4 2 2 6 6 Iout=10 A Iout=10 A Iout=10 A VCO-VSS=9.4 V Vcc-VVM=0.5 V VVM-VSS=1.1 V 0 V battery charging Available 0 V battery charging Unavailable VCC-0.05 VSS VCC-0.15 0.29 105 511 0.38 0.32 VCC-0.003 VSS+0.003 VCC-0.019 0.6 240 597 0.75 0.88 VCC VSS+0.05 VCC 1.44 575 977 1.12 1.44 V V V M k k V V Temperature coefficient 1 for detection voltage should be applied to overcharge detection voltage, overcharge release voltage, overdischarge detection voltage, and overdischarge release voltage. Temperature coefficient 2 for detection voltage should be applied to overcurrent detection voltage. The DO and CO pin logic are established at the operating voltage. Auxiliary overcharge detection voltage is equal to the overcharge detection voltage times 1.11 for the products without overcharge hysteresis, and times 1.25 for other products. Seiko Instruments Inc. 5 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Rev. 4.1_00 Unless otherwise noted, Ta = -20 to +70C Notice Between 3.90 and 4.60 VCU1,2x1.25 Min. VCU1,2 -0.045 VCU1,2 x1.19 VCU1,2 x1.05 VCD1,2 -0.070 VDD1,2 -0.100 VDU1,2 -0.120 VIOV1-0.029 -1.66 -0.6 -0.24 Typ. VCU1,2 VCU1,2 x1.25 VCU1,2 x1.11 VCD1,2 VDD1,2 VDU1,2 VIOV1 -1.20 0 -0.05 Max. VCU1,2 +0.040 VCU1,2 x1.31 VCU1,2 x1.17 VCD1,2 +0.065 VDD1,2 +0.095 VDU1,2 +0.115 VIOV1+0.029 -0.74 0.6 0 Unit V V Table 6 Item Detection voltage Overcharge detection voltage 1,2 Symbol Condition Circuit VCU1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 Auxiliary overcharge detection VCUaux1,2 voltage 1,2 (4) VCUaux1,2 = VCU1,2x1.25 or VCUaux1,2 VCUaux1,2 = VCU1,2x1.11 Overcharge release voltage 1,2 VCD1,2 Overdischarge detection voltage 1,2 Overdischarge release voltage 1,2 Overcurrent detection voltage 1 Overcurrent detection voltage 2 Temperature coefficient 1 for detection voltage (1) Temperature coefficient 2 for detection voltage (2) Delay time (C3=0.22 F) Overcharge detection delay time1,2 Overdischarge detection delay time 1,2 Overcurrent detection delay time1 Input voltage Input voltage between VCC and VSS Operating voltage Operating voltage between VCC and VSS (3) Current consumption Current consumption during normal operation Current consumption at power down Output voltage DO"H"voltage DO"L"voltage CO"H"voltage CO pin internal resistance Resistance between VSS and CO Internal resistance Resistance between VCC and VM Resistance between VSS and VM 0 V battery charging function 0 V charge starting voltage 0 V charge inhibiting voltage 1,2 (1) (2) (3) (4) VDD1,2 VDU1,2 VIOV1 VIOV2 TCOE1 TCOE2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 VCU1,2x1.11 Between 3.60 and 4.60 Between 1.70 and 2.60 Between 1.70 and 3.80 Between 0.07 to 0.30 VCC Reference Ta=-40 to 85C Ta=-40 to 85C V V V V V V mV/C mV/C tCU1,2 tDD1,2 tIOV1 VDS 8,9 8,9 10 5 5 5 1.0 s 0.1 s 0.01 s Absolute maximum rating 0.60 67 6.5 -0.3 2.0 1.00 100 10 - - 1.84 141 14.5 18 16 s ms ms VDSOP V IOPE IPDN 4 4 2 2 V1=V2=3.6 V V1=V2=1.5 V 1.9 0 7.5 0.0002 13.8 0.06 A A VDO(H) VDO(L) VCO(H) RCOL Rvcm Rvsm V0CHA V0INH1,2 6 6 7 7 5 5 11 12,13 3 3 4 4 2 2 6 6 Iout=10 A Iout=10 A Iout=10 A VCO-VSS=9.4 V VCC-VVM=0.5 V VVM-VSS=1.1 V 0 V battery charging Available 0 V battery charging Unavailable VCC-0.14 VSS VCC-0.24 0.24 86 418 0.29 0.23 VCC-0.003 VSS+0.003 VCC-0.019 0.6 240 597 0.75 0.88 VCC VSS+0.14 VCC 1.96 785 1332 1.21 1.53 V V V M k k V V Temperature coefficient 1 for detection voltage should be applied to overcharge detection voltage, overcharge release voltage, overdischarge detection voltage, and overdischarge release voltage. Temperature coefficient 2 for detection voltage should be applied to overcurrent detection voltage. The DO and CO pin logic are established at the operating voltage. Auxiliary overcharge detection voltage is equal to the overcharge detection voltage times 1.11 for the products without overcharge hysteresis, and times 1.25 for other products. 6 Seiko Instruments Inc. Rev. 4.1_00 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Table 7 Item Detection voltage Overcharge detection voltage 1,2 Symbol Condition Circuit Unless otherwise noted, Ta = -40 to +85C Notice Min. VCU1,2 -0.055 VCU1,2 x1.19 VCU1,2 x1.05 VCD1,2 -0.080 VDD1,2 -0.110 VDU1,2 -0.130 VIOV1-0.033 -1.70 -0.6 -0.24 Typ. VCU1,2 VCU1,2 x1.25 VCU1,2 x1.11 VCD1,2 VDD1,2 VDU1,2 VIOV1 -1.20 0 -0.05 Max. VCU1,2 +0.045 VCU1,2 x1.31 VCU1,2 x1.17 VCD1,2 +0.070 VDD1,2 +0.100 VDU1,2 +0.120 VIOV1+0.033 -0.71 0.6 0 Unit V V VCU1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 Auxiliary overcharge detection VCUaux1,2 voltage 1,2 (4) VCUaux1,2 = VCU1,2x1.25 or VCUaux1,2 VCUaux1,2 = VCU1,2x1.11 Overcharge release voltage 1,2 VCD1,2 Overdischarge detection voltage 1,2 Overdischarge release voltage 1,2 Overcurrent detection voltage 1 Overcurrent detection voltage 2 Temperature coefficient 1 for detection voltage (1) Temperature coefficient 2 for detection voltage (2) Delay time (C3=0.22 F) Overcharge detection delay time1,2 Overdischarge detection delay time 1,2 Overcurrent detection delay time1 Input voltage Input voltage between VCC and VSS Operating voltage Operating voltage between VCC and VSS (3) Current consumption Current consumption during normal operation Current consumption at power down Output voltage DO"H"voltage DO"L"voltage CO"H"voltage CO pin internal resistance Resistance between VSS and CO Internal resistance Resistance between VCC and VM Resistance between VSS and VM 0 V battery charging function 0 V charge starting voltage 0 V charge inhibiting voltage 1,2 (1) (2) (3) (4) VDD1,2 VDU1,2 VIOV1 VIOV2 TCOE1 TCOE2 Between 3.90 and 4.60 VCU1,2x1.25 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 VCU1,2x1.11 Between 3.60 and 4.60 Between 1.70 and 2.60 Between 1.70 and 3.80 Between 0.07 to 0.30 VCC Reference Ta=-40 to 85C Ta=-40 to 85C V V V V V V mV/C mV/C tCU1,2 tDD1,2 tIOV1 VDS 8,9 8,9 10 5 5 5 1.0 s 0.1 s 0.01 s Absolute maximum rating 0.55 67 6.3 -0.3 2.0 1.00 100 10 - - 2.06 141 14.7 18 16 s ms ms VDSOP V IOPE IPDN 4 4 2 2 V1=V2=3.6 V V1=V2=1.5 V 1.8 0 7.5 0.0002 14.2 0.10 A A VDO(H) VDO(L) VCO(H) RCOL Rvcm Rvsm V0CHA V0INH1,2 6 6 7 7 5 5 11 12,13 3 3 4 4 2 2 6 6 Iout=10 A Iout=10 A Iout=10 A VCO-VSS=9.4 V Vcc-VVM=0.5 V VVM-VSS=1.1 V 0 V battery charging Available 0 V battery charging Unavailable VCC-0.17 VSS VCC-0.27 0.22 79 387 0.26 0.20 VCC-0.003 VSS+0.003 VCC-0.019 0.6 240 597 0.75 0.88 VCC VSS+0.17 VCC 2.20 878 1491 1.25 1.57 V V V M k k V V Temperature coefficient 1 for detection voltage should be applied to overcharge detection voltage, overcharge release voltage, overdischarge detection voltage, and overdischarge release voltage. Temperature coefficient 2 for detection voltage should be applied to overcurrent detection voltage. The DO and CO pin logic are established at the operating voltage. Auxiliary overcharge detection voltage is equal to the overcharge detection voltage times 1.11 for the products without overcharge hysteresis, and times 1.25 for other products. Seiko Instruments Inc. 7 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Measurement Circuits (1) Measurement 1 Measurement circuit 1 Rev. 4.1_00 Set S1=OFF, V1=V2=3.6 V, and V3=0 V under normal condition. Increase V1 from 3.6 V gradually. The V1 voltage when CO = 'L' is overcharge detection voltage 1 (VCU1). Decrease V1 gradually. The V1 voltage when CO = 'H' is overcharge release voltage 1 (VCD1). Further decrease V1. The V1 voltage when DO = 'L' is overdischarge voltage 1 (VDD1). Increase V1 gradually. The V1 voltage when DO = 'H' is overdischarge release voltage 1 (VDU1). Set S1=ON, and V1=V2=3.6 V and V3=0 V under normal condition. Increase V1 from 3.6 V gradually. The V1 voltage when CO = 'L' is auxiliary overcharge detection voltage 1 (VCUaux1). (2) Measurement 2 Measurement circuit 1 Set S1=OFF,V1=V2=3.6 V ,and V3=0 V under normal condition. Increase V2 from 3.6 V gradually. The V2 voltage when CO = 'L' is overcharge detection voltage 2 (VCU2). Decrease V2 gradually. The V2 voltage when CO = 'H' is overcharge release voltage 2 (VCD2). Further decrease V2. The V2 voltage when DO = 'L' is overdischarge voltage 2 (VDD2). Increase V2 gradually. The V2 voltage when DO = 'H' is overdischarge release voltage 2 (VDU2). Set S1=ON,and V1=V2=3.6 V and V3=0 V under normal condition. Increase V2 from 3.6 V gradually. The V2 voltage when CO = 'L' is auxiliary overcharge detection voltage 2 (VCUaux2). (3) Measurement 3 Measurement circuit 1 Set S1=OFF,V1=V2=3.6 V , and V3=0 V under normal condition. Increase V3 from 0 V gradually. The V3 voltage when DO = 'L' is overcurrent detection voltage 1 (VIOV1). Set S1=ON,V1=V2=3.6 V,V3=0 under normal condition. Increase V3 from 0 V gradually.(The voltage change rate < 1.0V/ms) (V1+V2-V3) voltage when DO = 'L' is overcurrent detection voltage 2 (VIOV2). (4) Measurement 4 Measurement circuit 2 Set S1=ON, V1=V2=3.6 V, and V3=0 V under normal condition and measure current consumption. Current consumption I1 is the normal condition current consumption (IOPE). Set S1=OFF, V1=V2=1.5 V under overdischarge condition and measure current consumption. Current consumption I1 is the power-down current consumption (IPDN). (5) Measurement 5 Measurement circuit 2 Set S1=ON, V1=V2=V3=1.5 V, and V3=2.5 V under overdischarge condition. (V1+V2-V3)/I2 is the internal resistance between VCC and VM (Rvcm). Set S1=ON, V1=V2=3.5 V, and V3=1.1 V under overcurrent condition. V3/I2 is the internal resistance between VSS and VM (Rvsm). (6) Measurement 6 Measurement circuit 3 Set S1=ON, S2=OFF, V1=V2=3.6 V, and V3=0 V under normal condition. Increase V4 from 0 V gradually. The V4 voltage when I1 = 10 A is DO'H' voltage (VD0 (H)). Set S1=OFF, S2=ON, V1=V2=3.6 V, and V3=0.5 V under overcurrent condition. Increase V5 from 0 V gradually. The V5 voltage when I2 = 10 A is the DO'L' voltage (VDO (L)). (7) Measurement 7 Measurement circuit 4 Set S1=ON, S2=OFF, V1=V2=3.6 V and V3=0 V under normal condition. Increase V4 from 0 V gradually. The V4 voltage when I1 = 10 A is the CO'H' voltage (VC0 (H)). Set S1=OFF S2=ON, V1=V2=4.7, V3=0 V, and V4=9.4 V under over voltage condition. (V5)/I2 is the CO pin internal resistance (RCOL). (8) Measurement 8 Measurement circuit 5 Set V1=V2=3.6 V, and V3=0 V under normal condition. Increase V1 from (VCU1-0.2 V) to (VCU1+0.2 V) immediately (within 10 s). The time after V1 becomes (VCU1+0.2 V) until CO goes 'L' is the overcharge detection delay time 1 (tCU1). 8 Seiko Instruments Inc. Rev. 4.1_00 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Set V1=V2=3.5 V, and V3=0 V under normal condition. Decrease V1 from (VDD1+0.2 V) to (VDD1-0.2 V) immediately (within 10 s). The time after V1 becomes (VDD1-0.2 V) until DO goes 'L' is the overdischarge detection delay time 1 (tDD1). (9) Measurement 9 Measurement circuit 5 Set V1=V2=3.6 V, and V3=0 V under normal condition. Increase V2 from (VCU2-0.2 V) to (VCU2+0.2 V) immediately (within 10 s). The time after V2 becomes (VCU2+0.2 V) until CO goes 'L' is the overcharge detection delay time 2 (tCU2). Set V1=V2=3.6 V, and V3=0 V under normal condition. Decrease V2 from (VDD2+0.2 V) to (VDD2-0.2 V) immediately (within 10 s). The time after V2 becomes (VDD2-0.2 V) until DO goes 'L' is the overdischarge detection delay time 2 (tDD2). (10) Measurement 10 Measurement circuit 5 Set V1=V2=3.6 V, and V3=0 V under normal condition. Increase V3 from 0 V to 0.5 V immediately (within 10 s). The time after V3 becomes 0.5 V until DO goes 'L' is the overcurrent detection delay time 1 (tI0V1). (11) Measurement 11 Measurement circuit 6 Set V1=V2=0 V, and V3=2 V, and decrease V3 gradually. The V3 voltage when CO = 'L' (VCC- 0.3 V or lower) is the 0 V charge starting voltage (V0CHA). (12) Measurement 12 Measurement circuit 6 Set V1=0 V, V2=3.6 V, and V3=12 V, and increase V1 gradually. The V1 voltage when CO = 'H' (VVM + 0.3 V or higher) is the 0 V charge inhibiting voltage 1 (V0INH1). (13) Measurement 13 Measurement circuit 6 Set V1=3.6 V, V2=0 V, and V3=12 V, and increase V2 gradually. The V2 voltage when CO = 'H' (VVM + 0.3 V or higher) is the 0 V charge inhibiting voltage 2 (V0INH2). SENS VCC V1 VC V2 VSS DO V3 CO S-8232Series VM ICT S1 I1 V1 SENS VCC ICT S-8232Series VSS DO CO I2 S1 VM VC V2 V3 Measurement circuit 1 Measurement circuit 2 SENS VCC V1 VC V2 VSS DO CO V3 V5 V4 S2 S1 I2 I1 V5 V4 SENS VCC ICT S-8232Series VM V1 VC V2 VSS DO CO S-8232Series ICT VM V3 S2 S1 I2 I1 Measurement circuit 3 Measurement circuit 4 Seiko Instruments Inc. 9 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Rev. 4.1_00 SENS VCC V1 VC V2 VSS DO C3=0.22F ICT C3 SENS VCC V1 VC S-8232Series VSS DO CO 4.7M VM ICT S-8232Series VM CO V2 V3 V3 Measurement circuit 5 Measurement circuit 6 Description of Operation Normal condition (1), (3) This IC monitors the voltages of the two serially connected batteries and the discharge current to control charging and discharging. When the voltages of two batteries are in the range from the overdischarge detection voltage (VDD1,2) to the overcharge detection voltage (VCU1,2), and the current flowing through the batteries becomes equal or lower than a specified value (the VM terminal voltage is equal or lower than overcurrent detection voltage 1), the charging and discharging FETs are turned on. In this condition, charging and discharging can be carried out freely. This condition is called normal condition. In this condition, the VM and VSS terminals are shorted by the Rvsm resistor. Overcurrent condition When the discharging current becomes equal to or higher than a specified value (the VM terminal voltage is equal to or higher than the overcurrent detection voltage) during discharging under normal condition and it continues for the overcurrent detection delay time (tIOV) or longer, the discharging FET is turned off to stop discharging. This condition is called overcurrent condition. The VM and VSS terminals are shorted by the Rvsm resistor at this time. The charging FET is also turned off. When the discharging FET is off and a load is connected, the VM terminal voltage equals the VCC potential. The overcurrent condition returns to the normal condition when the load is released and the impedance between the EB- and EB+ terminals (see Figure 6 for a connection example) is 200 M or higher. When the load is released, the VM terminal, which is shorted to the VSS terminal with the Rvsm resistor, goes back to the VSS potential. The IC detects that the VM terminal potential returns to overcurrent detection voltage 1 (VIOV1) or lower and returns to the normal condition. Overcharge condition Following two cases are detected as overcharge conditions: 1) If one of the battery voltages becomes higher than the overcharge detection voltage (VCU1,2) during charging under normal condition and it continues for the overcharge detection delay time (tCU1,2) or longer, the charging FET turns off to stop charging. 2) If one of the battery voltages becomes higher than the auxiliary overcharge detection voltage (VCUaux1,2) the charging FET turns off immediately to stop charging. The VM and VSS terminals are shorted by the Rvsm resistor under the overcharge condition. The auxiliary overcharge detection voltages (VCUaux1,2) are correlated with the overcharge detection voltages (VCU1,2) and are defined by following equations: VCUaux1,2 [V] = 1.25xVCU1,2 [V] or for no overcharge hysteresis type (VCU1,2 = VCD1,2) VCUaux1,2 [V] = 1.11xVCU1,2 [V] 10 Seiko Instruments Inc. Rev. 4.1_00 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series The overcharge condition is released in two cases: 1) The battery voltage which exceeded the overcharge detection voltage (VCU1,2) falls below the overcharge release voltage (VCD1,2), the charging FET turns on and the normal condition returns. 2) If the battery voltage which exceeded the overcharge detection voltage (VCU1,2) is equal or higher than the overcharge release voltage (VCD1,2), but the charger is removed, a load is placed, and discharging starts, the charging FET turns on and the normal condition returns. The release mechanism is as follows: the discharge current flows through an internal parasitic diode of the charging FET immediately after a load is installed and discharging starts, and the VM terminal voltage decreases by about 0.6 V from the VSS terminal voltage momentarily. The IC detects this voltage (overcurrent detection voltage 1 or higher), releases the overcharge condition and returns to the normal condition. Overdischarge condition If any one of the battery voltages falls below the overdischarge detection voltage (VDD1,2) during discharging under normal condition and it continues for the overdischarge detection delay time (tDD1,2) or longer, the discharging FET turns off and discharging stops. This condition is called the overdischarge condition. When the discharging FET turns off, the VM terminal voltage becomes equal to the VCC voltage and the IC's current consumption falls below the power-down current consumption (IPDN). This condition is called the power-down condition. The VM and VCC terminals are shorted by the Rvcm resistor under the overdischarge and power-down conditions. The power-down condition is canceled when the charger is connected and the voltage between VM and VCC is overcurrent detection voltage 2 or higher. When all the battery voltages becomes equal to or higher than the overdischarge release voltage (VDU1,2) in this condition, the overdischarge condition changes to the normal condition. Delay circuits The overcharge detection delay time (tCU1,2), the overdischarge detection delay time (tDD1,2), and the overcurrent detection delay time 1 (tI0V1) change with an external capacitor (C3). Since one capacitor determine each delay time, delay times are correlated by the following ratio: Overcharge delay time : Overdischarge delay time: Overcurrent delay time = 100 : 10 : 1 The delay times are calculated by the following equations: (Ta=-40 to +85C) Overcharge detection delay time Min., tCU[s] =Delay factor ( 2.500, Overdischarge detection delay time tDD[s] =Delay factor ( 0.3045, Overcurrent detection delay time Typ., 4.545, 0.4545, Max. 9.364 )xC3 [F] 0.6409 )xC3 [F] tIOV1[s]=Delay factor ( 0.02864, 0.04545, 0.06682 )xC3 [F] Note: The delay time for overcurrent detection 2 is fixed by an internal circuit. The delay time cannot be changed via an external capacitor. 0 V battery charging function This function is used to recharge both of two serially-connected batteries after they self-discharge to 0 V. When the 0 V charging start voltage (V0CHA) or higher is applied to between VM and VCC by connecting the charger, the charging FET gate is fixed to VCC potential. When the voltage between the gate sources of the charging FET becomes equal to or higher than the turnon voltage by the charger voltage, the charging FET turns on to start charging. At this time, the discharging FET turns off and the charging current flows through the internal parasitic diode in the discharging FET. If all the battery voltages become equal to or higher than the overdischarge release voltage (VDU1,2), the normal condition returns. (2) Seiko Instruments Inc. 11 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Rev. 4.1_00 0 V battery charge inhibiting function This function is used for inhibiting charging when either of the connected batteries goes 0 V due to its selfdischarge. When the voltage of either of the connected batteries goes below 0 V charge inhibit voltage 1 and 2 (VOINH1, 2), the charging FET gate is fixed to "EB -" to inhibit charging. Charging is possible only when the voltage of both connected batteries goes 0 V charge inhibit voltage 1 and 2 (VOINH1, 2) or more. Note that charging may be possible when the total voltage of both connected batteries is less than the minimum value (VDSOPmin) of the operating voltage between VCC-VSS even if the voltage of either of the connected batteries is 0 V charge inhibit voltage 1 and 2 (V0INH1, 2) or less. Charging is prohibited when the total voltage of both connected batteries reaches the minimum value (VDSOPmin) of the operating voltage between VCC-VSS. When using this optional function, a resistor of 4.7 M is needed between the gate and the source of the charging control FET (refer to Figure 6). (1) When initially connecting batteries, the IC may fail to enter the normal condition (discharging ready state). If so, once set the VM pin to VSS voltage (short pins VM and VSS or connect a charger). (2) Some lithium ion batteries are not recommended to be recharged after having been completely discharged. Please contact the battery manufacturer when you decide to select a 0 V battery charging function. (3) The products indicated with 4) in the Selection Guide (model name/item) are set to "overcharge detection/release hysteresis," "no final overcharge function," and "0 V battery charge inhibiting function." The following phenomena may be found, but there is no problem for practical use. The product is an overcurrent condition due to overload connection when the battery voltage is overcharge release voltage (VCD1, 2) or more and overcharge detection voltage (VCU1, 2) or less. Usually, the IC returns to its normal condition when overload is removed under this condition. However, the charging FET may be turned OFF when overload is removed under this condition, leading to an overcharge condition. If so, attach load to start discharge. The charging FET is turned ON to return to the normal condition. Refer to "Overcharge condition" of description Section. (2) 12 Seiko Instruments Inc. Rev. 4.1_00 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Operation Timing Charts 1. Overcharge detection Vcuaux Vcu V1 battery V2 battery Battery voltage Vcd Vdu Vdd Vss Vcc DO terminal Vss Vcc V1 auxiliary V1 Over voltage detect V2 Over voltage detect over voltage detect V2 auxiliary over voltage detect CO terminal Vss EBVcc VM terminal Viov2 Viov1 Vss EB- Charger connected Load connected Mode Delay Delay Note: Normal mode, Over charge mode, Over discharge mode, over current mode The charger is assumed to charge with a constant current. Figure 3 2. Overdischarge detection Vcu Vcd V1 battery V2 battery Battery voltage Vdu Vdd Vss Vcc DO terminal Vss CO terminal Vcc Vss EBVcc VM terminal Viov2 Viov1 Vss Charger connected Load connecte d Mode EB- Delay Delay Delay & Note: Normal mode, Over charge mode, Over discharge mode, over current mode The charger is assumed to charge with a constant current. Figure 4 Seiko Instruments Inc. 13 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series 3. Overcurrent detection Vcu Rev. 4.1_00 V1,V2 battery Battery voltage Vcd Vdu Vdd Vcc DO terminal Vss Vcc CO terminal Vss EBVcc Viov2 VM terminal Viov1 Vss Charger connected Load connected Mode EB- Delay = tIOV1 Delay = tIOV2 < tIOV1 Note: Normal mode, Over charge mode, Over discharge mode, over current mode The charger is assumed to charge with a constant current. Figure 5 14 Seiko Instruments Inc. Rev. 4.1_00 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Battery Protection IC Connection Example EB R4 1 k R1 1 k VCC Battery 1 C1 R2 1 k 0.22 F VC Battery 2 C2 0.22 F C3 VSS DO CO VM 0.22 F R5 FET1 FET2 4.7 M R3 1 k EB ICT Delay time setting SENS + S-8232 series Figure 6 Table 8 Constant Symbol FET1 FET2 R1 C1 R2 C2 R4 C3 R3 R5 Parts Nch MOSFET Nch MOSFET Chip resistor Chip capacitor Chip resistor Chip capacitor Chip resistor Chip capacitor Chip resistor Chip resistor Purpose Charge control Discharge control ESD protection Filter ESD protection Filter ESD protection Delay time setting Protection for charger reverse connection 0 V battery charging inhibition Recommended --------1 k 0.22 F 1 k 0.22 F 1 k 0.22 F 1 k (4.7 M) min. --------300 0 F 300 0 F =R1 min. 0 F 300 (1 M) max. --------1 k 1 F 1 k 1 F =R1 max. 1) Same value as R1 and R2 1 F 5 k (10M) 2) Attention should be paid to leak current of C3. 3) Discharge can't be stopped at less than 300 when a charger is reverse-connected. 4) R5 should be added when the product has 0 V battery charge inhibition. Lower resistance increases current consumption. Remarks --------- 1) R4 =R1 is required. Overcharge detection voltage increases by R4. For example 10 k (R4) increases overcharge detection voltage by 20 mV. 2) The overcharge detection delay time (tCU), the overdischarge detection delay time (tCD), and the over current detection delay time (tIOV) change with the external capacitor C3. See the electrical characteristics. 3) When the resistor R3 is set less than 300 and a charger is reverse-connected, current which exceeds the power dissipation of the package will flow and the IC may break. But excessive R3 causes increase of overcurrent detection voltage 1 (VIOV1). VIOV1 changes to VIOV1=(R3+Rvsm)/RvsmxVIOV1. For example 50 k resistor (R3) increases overcurrent detection voltage 1 (VIOV1) from 0.100 V to 0.113 V. 4) A 4.7 M resistor is needed for R5 to inhibit 0 V battery charging. Current consumption increases when the R5 resistance increases. R5 should be connected when the product has 0 V battery charging inhibition. Note: The above connection diagram and constants do not guarantee proper operations. Evaluate your actual application and set constants properly. Seiko Instruments Inc. 15 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Precautions Rev. 4.1_00 (1) After the overcurrent detection delay, if the battery voltages is equals the overdischarge detection voltage (VDD1,2) or lower, the overdischarge detection delay time becomes shorter than 10ms (min.). It occurs because capacitor C3 sets all of delay times. (Refer fig.7) [ Cause ] It occurs because capacitor C3 sets all of delay times. When overcurrent detection is released until tIOV1 , the capacitor C3 is charged by S8232. If all battery voltage is lower than VDD1,2 at that time, charging goes on. So delay time is shorter then typical. [ Conclusion ] This phenomenon occurs when all battery voltage is nearly equal to the overdischarge voltage (VDD1,2) after overcurrent detected. It means that the battery capacity is small and those must be charged in the future. Even if the state changes to overdischarge condition, the battery package capacity is same as typical. (2) When one of the battery voltages is overdischarge detection voltage(VDD1,2) or lower and the other one becomes higher than the overcharge detection voltage(VCU1,2), the IC detects the overcharge without the overcharge detection delay time(tCU). (Refer fig.8) [ Cause ] It is same as the overdischarge detection under the overcurrent condition. It occurs because capacitor C3 sets all of delay times. [ Conclusion ] This phenomenon occurs when one battery voltage is lower than overdischarge voltage (VDD1,2) and batteries are charged by charger. Under this situation voltage difference between two batteries is unusual. Without delay time is better than long delay time for battery pack safety.(Refer fig.8) CO terminal Battery 2 voltage Vcu Vcu Battery voltage Vcd Vdu Vdd Vcc The battery voltages is equal to or less the over discharge voltage. DO terminal Vss Vcc the over discharge detection VM terminal Viov2 Viov1 Vss The over current returns to normal current. Load connect The over current delay The over discharge delay The delay time becomes shorter than usual. Figure 7 Battery 1 voltage Vcd Vdu Vdd Over voltage detect Over discharge state Vcu Vcd Vdu Vdd Vcc Vss EB- Delay time = 0 Charger connected Figure 8 (3) After the overcurrent detection, the load was connected for a long time, even if one of the battery voltage became lower than overdischarge detection voltage (VDD1,2), the IC can't detects the overdischarge as long as the load is connected. Therefor the IC's current consumption at the one of the battery voltage is lower than the overdischarge detection voltage is same as normal condition current consumption (IOPE) . (Refer fig.9) 16 Seiko Instruments Inc. Rev. 4.1_00 [ Cause ] The reason is as follows. If the overcurrent detection and overdischarge detection occur at same time, the overcurrent detection takes precedence the overdischarge detection. As long as the IC detects overcurrent, the IC can't detect overdischarge. [ Conclusion ] If the load is taken off at least one time, the overcurrent is released and the overdischarge detection works. Unless keeping the IC(S-8232) with load for a long time, the reduction of battery voltage will be neglected, because of the IC's(S-8232) current consumption(typ. 7.5 A) is small. Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Battery voltage Vdd 0V The battery voltages is less than the over discharge voltage, by self current consumption. As long as the load is connected, the IC's current consumption is same as normal current consumption (Iope). Current Iope 0A Consumption Ipdn DO terminal Vcc Vss Vcc Viov2 Viov1 Vss EBLoad connect VM terminal The over current delay Figure 9 (4) Do not apply an electrostatic discharge to this IC that exceeds the performance ratings of the built-in electrostatic protection circuit. Seiko Instruments Inc. 17 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Rev. 4.1_00 Characteristics(typical characteristics) 1. Detection voltage temperature characteristics Overcharge detection voltage1 vs. temperature 4.4 Overcharge detection voltage2 vs. temperature 4.4 VCU1=4.30 [V] VCU2=4.30 [V] VCU1 (V) 4.3 VCU2 (V) -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 4.3 4.2 -40 4.2 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ta(C) Ta(C) Overcharge release voltage1 vs. temperature 4.1 Overcharge release voltage2 vs. temperature 4.1 VCD1=4.00 [V] VCD2=4.00 [V] VCD1 (V) 4 VCD2 (V) -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 4 3.9 -40 3.9 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ta(C) Ta(C) Auxiliary overcharge detection voltage1 vs. temperature 5.45 Auxiliary overcharge detection voltage2 vs. temperature 5.45 VCUaux1=5.375[V] VCUaux2=5.375[V] VCUaux1 (V) 5.35 VCUaux2 (V) -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 5.35 5.25 -40 5.25 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ta(C) Ta(C) 18 Seiko Instruments Inc. Rev. 4.1_00 Overdischarge detection voltage1 vs. temperature 2.1 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Overdischarge detection voltage2 vs. temperature 2.1 VDD1=2.00 [V] VDD2=2.00 [V] VDD1 (V) 2 VDD2 (V) -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 2 1.9 1.9 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ta(C) Ta(C) Overdischarge release voltage1 vs. temperature 2.7 Overdischarge release voltage1 vs. temperature 2.7 VDU1=2.60 [V] VDU2=2.60 [V] VDU1 (V) 2.6 VDU2 (V) -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 2.6 2.5 2.5 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ta(C) Ta(C) Overcurrent1 detection voltage vs. temperature 0.12 Overcurrent1 detection voltage vs. temperature VIOV2=1.20 [V] (VCC reference) VIOV1=0.1 [V] -1.10 -1.15 VIOV1 (V) 0.10 VIOV2 (V) -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 -1.20 -1.25 -1.30 0.08 -40 Ta(C) -40 -20 0 20 Ta(C) 40 60 80 100 Seiko Instruments Inc. 19 Battery Protection IC (for a 2-serial-cell pack) S-8232 Series Rev. 4.1_00 2.Current consumption temperature characteristics Current consumption vs. temperature in normal mode 15 Current consumption vs. temperature in power-down mode VCC=3.0 [V] 100 VCC=7.2 [V] IOPE (uA) 10 IPDN (nA) 50 5 0 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ta(C) Ta(C) 3. Delay time temperature characteristics Overcharge detection1 time vs. temperature C3=0.22 [uF] 1.5 150 Overcharge detection1 time vs. temperature C3=0.22 [uF] 1 TDD (ms) -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 tCU (s) 100 0.5 -40 50 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ta(C) Ta(C) Overcurrent1 detection time vs. temperature 12 11 C3=0.22 [uF] tIOV1 (ms) 10 9 8 7 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ta(C) 20 Seiko Instruments Inc. 3.00 -0.2 8 5 +0.3 1 4 0.170.05 0.20.1 0.65 No. FT008-A-P-SD-1.1 TITLE No. SCALE UNIT TSSOP8-A-PKG Dimensions FT008-A-P-SD-1.1 mm Seiko Instruments Inc. 4.00.1(50 pitches:200.00.3) 2.00.05 1.550.05 0.30.05 1.40.1 8.00.1 (6.9) 7 max. 4.0 1.55 +0.1 -0 6.6 -0.2 +0.4 1 8 4 5 No. FT008-A-C-SD-3.1 Feed direction TITLE No. SCALE UNIT TSSOP8-A-Carrier Tape FT008-A-C-SD-3.1 mm Seiko Instruments Inc. Enlarged drawing in the central part o210.8 20.5 13.41.0 17.51.0 o130.5 No. FT008-A-R-SD-3.1 TITLE No. SCALE UNIT mm TSSOP8-A-Reel FT008-A-R-SD-3.1 QTY. 3,000 Seiko Instruments Inc. * * * * * * The information described herein is subject to change without notice. Seiko Instruments Inc. is not responsible for any problems caused by circuits or diagrams described herein whose related industrial properties, patents, or other rights belong to third parties. The application circuit examples explain typical applications of the products, and do not guarantee the success of any specific mass-production design. When the products described herein are regulated products subject to the Wassenaar Arrangement or other agreements, they may not be exported without authorization from the appropriate governmental authority. Use of the information described herein for other purposes and/or reproduction or copying without the express permission of Seiko Instruments Inc. is strictly prohibited. The products described herein cannot be used as part of any device or equipment affecting the human body, such as exercise equipment, medical equipment, security systems, gas equipment, or any apparatus installed in airplanes and other vehicles, without prior written permission of Seiko Instruments Inc. Although Seiko Instruments Inc. exerts the greatest possible effort to ensure high quality and reliability, the failure or malfunction of semiconductor products may occur. The user of these products should therefore give thorough consideration to safety design, including redundancy, fire-prevention measures, and malfunction prevention, to prevent any accidents, fires, or community damage that may ensue. |
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