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high efciency integrated driver for 4-strings of 150ma leds SC441A power management julyf23,f2009 www.semtech.com features applications description widefinputfvoltagefrangeffromf4.5vftof2 v 36vfmaximumfoutputfvoltage drivesfupftof40fwledsfinf4fstringsf programmable led current for up to 150ma per string +/- 2% string-to-string current matching up to 90% efciency widef0.2%ftof 00%fpwmfdimmingfrange possiblefanalogfdimming integratedf2.5afpowerfswitch 700khzfswitchingffrequencyfforfsmallfsizeff adjustablefovpfforfcost-efectivefoutputfcapfselection open/short led protection thermalfprotectionfwithfauto-recovery thermallyfenhancedftssop-20fedpfpackage fullyfweeefandfrohsfcompliant ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? medium-sizedflcdfpanel notebookfdisplay automotivefcarfnavigationfdisplay sub-notebookfandftabletfcomputerfdisplays portablefmediafplayers ? ? ? ? ? thefsc44 afisfafhigh-efciencyfmultiplefstringfwledfdriv - erfwithfanfintegratedfboostfconverter.ffitfoperatesfoverfaf widefinputfrangeffromf4.5vftof2 vfwithfafmaximumfout - putf voltagefoff 36vf andf af2.5af internalf powerfswitch.f f itf canfdrivefupftoffortyfwledsfinf4fstringsfwithfcurrentfupf tof 50mafperfstring.fffthefstring-to-stringfcurrentfmatch - ingfisf2%ftypical,f3%fmaximum.ffthefoverallfefciencyfisf greaterf thanf 90%f duef tof thef lowf currentf sensef voltagef andf af low-impedancef internalf powerf switch.f thef widef pwmfdimmingfrangefboastsfafratiofoff500:f . thef700khzfswitchingffrequencyfenablesfthefuserftofop - timizefthefexternalfcomponentfsizesfforfefciency.ffwhenf therefareffewerfthanf 0fledsfinfeachfstring,fusersfcanfad - justfthefoutputfvoltagefprotectionfyieldingfanfallowablef reductionfinfassociatedfcosts,fsizefandfvoltagefratingsfoff thefoutputfcapacitor. thefsc44 afalsoffeaturesfcomprehensivefopenfandfshort- circuitf ledf protectionf functions.f itf disablesf thef corre - spondingfstringsfwithfledfopenforfledfshortfconditionsf whilefmaintainingfnormalfoperationfoffother,funafectedf ledfstrings.ffthisffeaturefallowsflcdfpanelsftofremainfview - ablefevenfunderfledffailure,fwirefdisconnect,forfshort-cir - cuitf conditions.fthef internalf thermalf shutdownf protectsf theficffromfoverheatingfatfabnormalfconditions. thefsc44 afisfavailablefinfafthermally-enhancedftssop- 20fedpfpackage. typical application circuit 1 4 vout ss pgnd ioset io1-4 comp ovpin agnd vin sw pwm en ovprtn sw fflag pgnd iognd SC441A 4 strings 1 10 vin (4.5v -21v) 2 edp pgnd ioset io1- 4 comp ss agnd vout ovpin
SC441A 2 ?f2009fsemtechfcorporation www.semtech.com pin confguration ordering information marking information notes: ( )favailablefinftapefandfreelfonly.ffafreelfcontainsf2,500fdevices. (2)favailablefinflead-freefpackagefonly.ffdevicefisfweeefandfrohsf compliant. ffffffffff(tssop-20fedp) ja = 39o c/w device package sc44 atetrtf (1,2) tssop-20fedp sc44 aevb evaluationfboard 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 d d c c b b a a io2 io4 pgnd io1 io3 en ss agnd comp iognd fflag vin vout ioset pwm ovprtn pgnd sw ovpin sw 1 11 20 10 sc44 af:fpartfnumber yywwf=fdatef(example:f0952) xxxxxxf=fsemtechflot#f(example:fa94a0 ) SC441A 3 ?f2009fsemtechfcorporation www.semtech.com recommended operating conditions absolute maximum ratings exceedingfthefabovefspecifcationsfmayfresultfinfpermanentfdamageftofthefdeviceforfdevicefmalfunction.ffoperationfoutsidefoffthefparametersf specifedfinfthefelectricalfcharacteristicsfsectionfisfnotfrecommended. notes- ( )fcalculatedffromfpackagefinfstillfair,fmountedftof3fxf4.5,f4flayerffr4fpcbfwithfthermalfviasfunderfthefexposedfpadfperfjesd5 fstandards. (2)ftestedfaccordingftofjedecfstandardfjesd22-a 4-b. electrical characteristics thermal information v in fpin:ffsupplyfvoltagefff-0.3ftof25v maximumfoutputfpowerfffffff22w sw,fovpin,fovprtn,fvout,fio ~io4fvoltagefffff-0.3ftof40vff iosetfvoltageffff-0.3ftof2v ss,fcompfvoltageffffff-0.3ftof4vff en,fpwm,ffflagfvoltageffff-0.3ftofv in f+0.3v pgndftofagndfffffffff0.3v peakfirfrefowftemperaturefff260c esdfprotectionflevel (2)ff ffffffff2.5kv inputfvoltagefrangeffff4.5v~2 v outputfvoltagefffupftoff36v ledfcurrentffffupftof 50ma junctionftofambient () fffff39c/w maximumfjunctionftemperatureff 50c storageftemperaturefffff-65ftof+ 50c leadftemperaturef(soldering)f 0fsecffff260c unlessfotherwisefspecifed:fv in f= 2v,f-40cf SC441A 5 ?f2009fsemtechfcorporation www.semtech.com typical characteristics 149.7 149.8 149.9 150.0 150.1 150.2 150.3 150.4 150.5 150.6 150.7 -40 25 105 led current source setting (ma) 2.360 2.365 2.370 2.375 2.380 2.385 2.390 2.395 2.400 2.405 2.410 -40 25 105 led current source scp threshold (v) 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.93 -40 25 105 vout pull down current source (ma) 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 -40 25 105 sw saturation voltage at 1a (mv) temperaturef( o c) uvlofthresholdfvs.ftemperature temperaturef( o c) uvlofhysteresisfvs.ftemperature vinfquiescentfsupplyfcurrent fvs.ftemperature temperaturef( o c) temperaturef( o c) compfsinkf/fsourcefcurrentf vs.ftemperature temperaturef( o c) ssfsinkf/fsourcefcurrentf vs.ftemperature swfsaturationfvoltagefatf af vs.ftemperature temperaturef( o c) voutfpullfdownfcurrentfsourcef vs.ftemperature temperaturef( o c) temperaturef( o c) vin = 4.5v vin = 21v vout = vin + 3v ledfcurrentfsourcefscpfthreshold fvs.ftemperature averagefledfcurrentfsourcefsetting vs.ftemperature vin = 12v r ioset = 1.78k : vin = 12v temperaturef( o c) 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 -40 25 105 vin uvlo (v) 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 -40 25 105 uvlo hysteresis (mv) 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 -40 25 105 vin quiescent supply current (ma) vin = 4.5v vin = 21v vin = 12v ss sink/source 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 -40 25 105 source sink vin = 12v 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 -40 25 105 comp sink source source sink source sink vin = 12v SC441A 6 ?f2009fsemtechfcorporation www.semtech.com typical characteristics (continued) 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 -40 25 105 fflag saturation voltage (mv) 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 -40 25 105 ovprtn saturation voltage (v) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 led current source saturation voltage (mv) temperaturef( o c) ovpinfthresholdfvoltage fvs.ftemperature temperaturef( o c) temperaturef( o c) i ovprtn = 100ua ledfcurrentf(ma) ledfcurrentfsourcefsaturationfvoltagef vs.fledfcurrent t a = 25 o c ovprtnfsaturationfvoltage fvs.ftemperature fflagfsaturationfvoltagef vs.ftemperature i fflag = 2ma 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 600 efficiency (%) efciencyf(fp boost_output f/fp input ) vin = 12v vin = 5v vin = 21v boostfsectionfoutputfcurrentf(ma) condition:fvoutf=f36vf 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 pwm dimming minimum pulse width(us) pwmfdimmingfminimumfpulsefwidthf vs.fpwmfdimmingffrequency pwm dimming frequency (khz) condition:fvinf=f 2v,fvoutf=f30vf/f20mafxf4fstringsf pwmfdimmingfminimumfpulsefwidthf vs.fpwmfdimmingffrequency pwmfdimmingffrequencyf(khz) 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 pwm dimming minimum pulse width(us) condition:fvinf=f 2v,fvoutf=f30vf/f 50mafxf4fstringsf pwmfdimmingfminimumfdutyfcyclef vs.fpwmfdimmingffrequency pwmfdimmingffrequencyf(khz) condition:fvinf=f 2v,fvoutf=f30vf/f20mafxf4fstringsf 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 pwm dimming minimum duty cycle(%) pwmfdimmingfminimumfdutyfcyclef vs.fpwmfdimmingffrequency pwmfdimmingffrequencyf(khz) condition:fvinf=f 2v,fvoutf=f30vf/f 50mafxf4fstrings f 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 pwm dimming minimum duty cycle(%) ovpin 1.46 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.58 -40 25 105 vin = 12v SC441A 7 ?f2009fsemtechfcorporation www.semtech.com typical characteristics (continued) ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? 10ma 10ma pwmfdimmingffrequencyf(khz) condition:fvinf=f 2v,fvoutf=f34.5vf/f 0mafxf4fstringsf pwmfdimmingfminimumfpulsefwidthf vs.fpwmfdimmingffrequency pwmfdimmingfminimumfpulsefwidth(us) 150ma ? ? ? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? pwmfdimmingffrequencyf(khz) condition:fvinf=f 2v,fvoutf=f34.5vf/f 50mafxf4fstringsf pwmfdimmingfminimumfpulsefwidthf vs.fpwmfdimmingffrequency pwmfdimmingfminimumfpulsefwidth(us) SC441A 8 ?f2009fsemtechfcorporation www.semtech.com typical characteristics (continued) vin (10v/div) vout (20v/div) vss (2v/div) vsw (20v/div) start up time (20ms/div) conditions: vin = 19v, output = 30v / 150ma x 4 led strings conditions: vin = 12v, output = 27v / 20ma x 4 led strings vin (5v/div) vout (20v/div) vss (2v/div) vsw (20v/div) time (200ms/div) shut down conditions: vin = 12v, output = 27v / 20ma x 4 led strings vout accoupling (200mv/div) vsw (20v/div) time (1us/div) main power switching waveform time (400ns/div) main power switching waveform vout accoupling (100mv/div) vsw (10v/div) conditions: vin = 12v, output = 36v / 150ma x 4 led strings SC441A 9 ?f2009fsemtechfcorporation www.semtech.com typical characteristics (continued) otp and otp recovery vin = 12v vout (20v/div) vss (2v/div) vsw (20v/div) conditions: vin = 12v, output = 36v / 150ma x 4 led strings time (40ms/div) led short circuit protection vin (10v/div) io2 (1v/div) vout (20v/div) io1 (5v/div) conditions: vin = 12v, io1 has one led short circuit, output = 36v / 150ma x 4 led strings time (10ms/div) led open circuit protection vin (5v/div) io2 (1v/div) vout (20v/div) io1 (10v/div) conditions: vin = 12v, io2 led string is open circuit, output = 36v / 150ma x 3 led strings time (10ms/div) conditions: vin = 12v, output = 36v / 50ma x 4 led strings time (10ms/div) vin = 12v io1 (5v/div) pwm (2v/div) sw (20v/div) pwm dimming SC441A 0 ?f2009fsemtechfcorporation www.semtech.com pin descriptions pin # pin name pin function io2 providesfconstantfcurrentfsourceftofledfstringf2. 2 io providesfconstantfcurrentfsourceftofledfstringf . 3 iognd constantfcurrentfsourcefground. 4 agnd analogfground 5 ss soft-startfpin 6 comp thefoutputfoffthefinternalftrans-conductanceferrorfamplifer.f 7 en enablefthefdevicefincludingfregulatorfandfledfdrivers. 8 ioset currentfsourcefiofvaluefsetfpin.ffbyfselectingfthefresistorfconnectedffromfthisfpinftofgnd,f thefcorrespondingfmaximumfcurrentfonfallf4fstringsfarefset. 9 pwm pwmfdimmingfcontrolfpinfforfledfstrings. 0 vout internalfpullfdownfcurrentfsourcefinfoverfvoltageffault.ffconnectfthisfpinfdirectlyftofboostfoutput. fflag powerffailurefsignalfoutputfwithfopenfcollector.fheldflowfunderfnormalfoperation. 2 vin powerfinputfvoltagefpin.fbypassedfwithfcapacitorsfcloseftofthefpin. 3 ovprtn over-voltagefprotectionfsensefsignalfreturnfpathfpin. 4 ovpin over-voltagefprotectionfsensefsignalfinput. 5,8 pgnd powerfground 6,7 sw collectorfoffthefinternalfpowerfswitch.f 9 io4 providesfconstantfcurrentfsourceftofledfstringf4.ffconnectftofvinfforf3fstringsfoperation. 20 io3 providesfconstantfcurrentfsourceftofledfstringf3. edp solderftofthefgroundfplanefoffthefpcb. en status 0 backlightfdisable backlightfenable note:ffwhenfenf=f0;fthefboostfisfturnedfofffandfdisabled. note:ffanyfunusedfiofpinfshouldfbefpulledfupftofvin. SC441A ?f2009fsemtechfcorporation www.semtech.com block diagram figure 1. SC441A block diagram 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 d d c c b b a a fault-1 tsd hiccup ovp uvlo hiccup hiccup fault ss 3v3 fault control logic vout disable1 en pwm vin - sw agnd comp osc + isense bandgap io1 ovprtn - ilim pgnd ss one io channel shown + ioset fflag hiccup iognd uvlo & tsd + pgnd led open/short/overshoot circuit protection current source ovpin - sw led current setting ovp detect disable2 4.5ua 4.5ua s r q 0.9ma 0.9ma 1ua 1ua SC441A 2 ?f2009fsemtechfcorporation www.semtech.com applications information SC441A detailed description thef sc44 af containsf af highf frequency,f current-modef boostfregulatorfandffourfprogrammablefcurrentfsources.ff thef ledf currentf sourcef valuef isf setf usingf anf externalf resistorf whilef thef pwmf controllerf maintainsf thef outputf voltagefatfaflevelfkeepingfthefcurrentfregulatedfthroughf thefleds.ffsincefthefsc44 afreceivesffeedbackffromfallfoff thefledfcurrentfsources,fallfledfstringsfcanfbefturnedfonf atfanyfgivenftime.ffaftypicalfapplicationfwouldfusef3- 0f backlightfledsfforfeachfstring,fdrivenfupftof 50ma.ff operation thefsc44 afcontrolsfthefboostfconverterfsetfpointfbasedf onf instantaneousf requirementsf off fourf currentf sources.ff therefore,f onlyf af singlef inductorf andf powerf switchf isf neededftofprovidefpowerftofthefentireflightingfsubsystem,f increasingf efciencyf andf reducingf partf count.f f af digitalf interfaceftofoutputfcontrolfisfhigh-bandwidth,fsupportingf digitalf pwmf dimmingf atf 50hzf tof 50khzf dimmingf frequency,fwhilefaggressivelyfshuttingfthefentirefsupplyf currentf downf tof 3maf (typical),f whenf allf ledf stringsf aref turnedfof.ff highf frequencyf switchingf providesf highf outputf powerf usingfaftinyf .0mmfhighfinductor,fmaximizingfefciencyf forf space-constrainedf andf cost-sensitivef applications.ff additionally,f bothf converterf andf outputf capacitorf aref protectedf fromf open-ledf conditionsf byf over-voltagef protection. led current programming thef sc44 af featuresf programmablef ledf currentf regulators.fthef ledf currentf setf pointsf aref chosenf usingf externalf resistorsf tiedf tof thef iosetf pin.fthef relationshipf betweenfthefprogrammingfresistorfvaluefandfthefoutputf currentfsetfpointfcanfbefdescribedfasffollows: r ioset f=f(0.26 v)f/fi led wherefr ioset ffisfinfk?.fi led fisfthefledfcurrentfinfamperes.f theffourfoutputfchannelsfhavefthefsamefoutputfcurrent. start-up duringf start-up,f whenf thef vinf pinf voltagef reachesf itsf uvloffthresholdfandfbothfthefenfandfpwmfsignalsfarefsetf tofhigh,fthefssfpinfbeginsftofsourcef4.5afasfitsfvoltagef beginsftofriseffromf0vftofitsfendfvaluefoff2.5v.fthefoutputf voltagefoffthefinternalftrans-conductanceferrorfampliferf (comp),fincreasesfandfclampsftofthefssfpinfvoltage.fwhenf thefssfpinfvoltagefreachesfitsfswitchingfthreshold,foutputf voltagef increases.f properf decouplingf isf requiredf onf thef vinfpin,fespeciallyfforfaflowerfinputfvoltagefcondition.faf 22f,f6.3vfratedfx5rfceramicfcapacitorfisfrecommendedf forfaf5vfinputfsystem. thef internalf ledf currentf sourcef (io f ~f io4)f helpsf tof regulatefthefledfcurrentftofitsfsetfpointfwhilefthefoutputf voltagefincreases;fafsuitablefamountfofferrorfinformationf willfbefgeneratedfonfthefinternalferrorfamplifer.fthefcompf pinfvoltagefkeepsfrisingfandfoncefthefledfcurrentfreachesf itsfsetfpoint,ftheferrorfinformationfwillfnotfbefgeneratedf byfthefledfcurrentfsource.ffthefcompfpinfvoltagefstaysf levelfwhilefkeepingfthefledfcurrentfinfitsfsetfpoint. iffthefenfpinfvoltagefisfpulledfbelowf0.4v,fthefsc44 afwillf stayfinfshutdownfmodeffdrawingflessfthanf affromfitsf inputfpowerfsupply. duringf thef normalf operation,f whenf pwmf pinf isf pulledf belowf 0.4v,f thef devicef operatesf inf standbyf mode,f drawingf3maf(typical)fcurrentffromfthefinput.funderfthisf condition,f sincef thef enf pinf isf pulledf high,f soft-startf isf initiatedfandfthefssfpinfvoltagefisfraisedftofitsfendfvalue.ff followingfthis,fwhenfthefpwmfsignalfgoesfhighftofenablef thefsc44 a,fthefcompfpinfvoltagefwillfrisefquicklyfsincef itfisfnotflimitedfbyfthefssfpin.fafproperfcapacitancef( 0nff ~f 00nf)fisfrequiredftofpreventfoutputfvoltagefovershootf onfthefcompfpinfandfitsfexternalfrcfnetwork.f shut down iffthefvinfpinfvoltageffallsfbelowfitsfuvlo,forfthefvoltagef onfthefenfpinfgoesflow,fthefdevicefwillfrunfinfshutdownf modefasfthefinternalfswitchfandfthefledfcurrentfsourcesf willfimmediatelyffturnfof.fthefssfcapacitorfisfdischargedf byfthefinternalfcurrentfsourcefoffthefssfpin.ffthefssfpinf voltagefdecreasesftof0vfwhilefthefoutputfvoltageffallsftof thefsameflevelfasfthefinputfvoltage. iff thef pwmf pinf voltagef goesf lowf whilef sc44 af isf inf normalf operation,f thenf thef sc44 af willf runf inf standbyf mode.fthefinternalfswitcherfandfthefledfcurrentfsourcef willfimmediatelyfturnfof.f noteC thefpwmfsignalfdoesfnotfafectfthefssfpinfnorfitsffnalfvalue.f main power operation sc44 afisfaf700khzffxed-frequency,fpeakfcurrent-modef step-upf switchingf regulatorf withf anf integratedf 2.5af (minimum)fpowerftransistor.f SC441A 3 ?f2009fsemtechfcorporation www.semtech.com applications information (continued) therefarefsomefchoices. )fleavefsomefroomfbetweenfvinfrangefandfvo. 2)foperatefthefboostfconverterfatfnormalfloadf(lessfro) 3)fincreasesfthefboostfinductancef(l). over-current protection sc44 af providesf cycle-by-cyclef currentf limitingf forf itsf internalf switch.f iff thef switchf currentf exceedsf 3.32af (thef typicalf current-limitf tripf point),f thenf thef current-limitf comparatorfilim,fwillfsetftheflatchfimmediatelyfturningfoff internalfpower.ffallfledfcurrentfsourcesfkeepfoperatingfinf anfover-currentfcondition.ffdueftofseparatefpulse-widthf modulatingfandfcurrentflimitingfpaths,fthefocpftripfpointf isfnotfafectedfbyfslopefcompensationf(i.e.ftripfpointfisfnotf afectedfbyfswitchingfdutyfcycle). over-voltage protection (ovp) sc44 afincludesfanfexternalfprogrammingfover-voltagef protectionfcircuitftofpreventfdamageftoftheficfandfoutputf capacitorfinfthefeventfoffanfopen-circuitfcondition.fftheff boostfconvertersfoutputfvoltagefisfdetectedfatfthefovpinf pin.fiffthefvoltagefatfthefovpinfpinfexceedsf .52vf(typical),f thefboostfconverterfwillfshutfdownfandfaf0.9mafpull-downf currentfwillfbefappliedftofthefvoutfpinftofquicklyfdischargef thef outputf capacitor.f fthisf addedf protectionf preventsf af conditionfwherefthefoutputfcapacitorfandfschottkyfdiodef mustf enduref highf voltagef forf anf extendedf time,f whichf canfposefafreliabilityfriskfforfthefusersfsystem.f referf tof evaluationf applicationf circuitf inf page 5.f thef outputfoverfvoltageftripfpointfcanfbefprogrammedfbyfr5f andfr7fresistorfdivider.f thefrelationshipfcanfbefdescribedfasffollows: wherefovpin_thfisf .52vftypical. anf ovpf eventf causingf af faultf couldf disablef thef boostf converterfenablingfthefdeviceftofafstrongfpull-down.ffthisf eventfwouldfcauseftheffflagfpinftofgofhighfandfthefsoft- startfcapacitorftofdischarge.ffwhenfthefsoft-startfcapacitorf voltagef fallsf belowf 0.5v,f andf thef outputf voltagef fallsf tof vin,fsc44 afentersfafsoft-startfprocess.f thefovpfdetectionfcircuitryfprovidesfafdisconnectffunctionf duringfthefshutdownfstateftofpreventfanyfleakageffromf thef output.fthef externalf ovpf resistorf dividerf shouldf bef connectedfbetweenfvoutfandfovprtnfwithfthefcentralf referringftofthefblockfdiagram,ffiguref ,fthefclockffromfthef oscillationfsectionfresetsftheflatchfandfturnsfonfthefpowerf transistor.f switchf currentf isf sensedf withf anf integratedf sensef resistor.f thef sensedf currentf isf summedf withf thef slope-compensatingf rampf andf fedf intof thef modulatingf rampfinputfoffthefpwmfcomparator.ftheflatchfisfsetfandf thef powerf transistorf conductionf isf terminatedf whenf thef modulatingf rampf intersectsf withf thef errorf ampliferf outputf(comp).f thef current-modef switchingf regulatorf isf af dual-loopf feedbackf controlf system.f f inf thef innerf currentf loop,f thef eafoutputf(comp)fcontrolsfthefpeakfinductorfcurrent.finf thef outerf loop,f thef errorf ampliferf regulatesf thef outputf voltagef tof keepf thef ledf currentf atf settingf point.f thef doublefreactivefpolesfoffthefoutputflcfflterfarefreducedf tof af singlef realf polef byf thef innerf currentf loop,f allowingf thefsimplefloopfcompensationfnetworkftofaccommodatef afwidefrangefoffinputfandfoutputfvoltages. f itfisfwellfknownfthat,finfboostfconverter,fvofisfgreaterfthanf orfequalftofvin.finfnormalfcontinuousfconductionfmodef (ccm)foperation, where,fdfisfthefdutyfratiofoffthefpwmfpowerfswitch.fasf vinfincreases,finforderftofregulatefvoftofafgivenfconstantf value,f df decreases.f whenf vinf approachesf vo,f df surelyf leadsf tof 0.f inf practice,f duef tof thef minimumf on-timef off thefpwmfpowerfswitch,fdfusuallyfcouldfnotfapproachf0f withf infnitelyf smallf granularity.f atf somef point,f itf eitherf producesfonefpulsefwithfminimumfon-timeforfgeneratesf 0fbyfskippingfthefpulse.fsuchfpointfcouldfbeftheoreticallyf calculatedfforfsc44 afasffollows. forfccm:fffvinff0.92fvo. forfdcmf(discontinuousfconductionfmode):ff where,frofisfthefboostfequivalentfoutputfresistancef(=vo/ io),flfisfthefboostfinductorf(infuh). inf manyf boostf converterf designsf andf operations,f pulsef skippingf isf normallyf allowedf atf lightf loadf conditions.f somefdesignersfevenfpurposelyfletfthefboostfpowerfcon - verterfenterfthefpulsefskippingfinforderftofsavefpowerfatf lightfloadfconditions.fiffsomefdesignersfdofnotfwantfpulsef skippingfmode,fbasedfonfthefconditionsfprovidedfabove,f 2 7 7 5 _ _ r r r th ovpin trip ovp u d v v in o 1 1 o o in v l r v * 10 * 6 . 1 1 1 2 2 t SC441A 4 ?f2009fsemtechfcorporation www.semtech.com applications information (continued) tapfconnectedftofovpin.f note:f f iff thisf disconnectf functionf isf notf desired,f bypassf thefovprtnfpinfandfconnectfthefendfoffthefovpfresistorf dividerf directlyf tof gnd.f thef ovpinf pinf isf sensitivef tof noise,fandfafproperfdecouplingfcapacitorf( nff~f 0nf)fisf required.fthefcombinedfimpedancefoffthefresistorfdividerf forfovpinfshouldfbefgreaterfthanf200k?. led short-circuit protection iff onef orf moref ledsf aref detectedf asf short-circuit,f thatf stringfwillfbeflatchedfof.ffvoltagefisfmonitoredfiffitfexceedsf 2.35vfonfthefinternalfledfcurrentfsourcef(iofpins).f(thefiof voltagef onf anf abnormalf ledf stringf willf risef earlierf thanf otherf normalf ledf strings).f iff thef voltagef exceedsf 2.35vf onfanyfiofpin,fthefiofcurrentfsourcefwillflatchfoffandfthef fflagf willf gof high.f thef latchf isf resetf iff vinf fallsf belowf uvlof orf itf willf recyclef thef enf signal.f f otherf ledf stringsf operatefnormally.f iff allf iof pinf voltagesf reachf .07vf thenf thef internalf mainf switchfwillfbefoffuntilfanyfoffthefiofvoltagesfisflowerfthanf 970mv. led open-circuit protection iff anyf ledf stringf isf detectedf asf anf open-circuit,f thatf stringf willf latchf of.f iff anyf givenf stringf isf open,f thef iof currentfsourcefwillfgoftofdeepfsaturation;fthefcompfandf fflagf pinsf willf bef drivenf highf andf thef boostf converterf dutyf cyclef willf increasef causingf voutf tof rise.f f atf somef pointfvoutfwillfrisefhighfenoughftofcausefallfthefiofpinf voltagesf off thef intactf stringsf tof reachf thef shortedf ledf detectionflevelfandflatchfoffthosefstrings.ffbecausefoffthef ledfopenfstringfvoutfwillfcontinueftofrisefuntilfitfreachesf thefprogrammedfovpflevel.f whenf ovpf isf reached,f thef voltagef onf thef iof pinsf aref monitoredf andf iff anyf iof voltagef isf lessf thanf 0.2vf thatf stringfwillfbefidentifedfasfopenfandfwillflatchfof.ff onlyf whenf vinf fallsf belowf uvlo,f orf anf enf signalf isf re - cycled,fandfiffthermalfshutdownfoccurs,fcanfthisflatchfbef reset.f f af hiccupf cyclef isf thenf initiatedf andf thef ssf pinf isf dischargedfslowlyfwithfaf afcurrentfsourcefandfaf0.9maf dischargefpathf(turnedfonftofpullfdownfvout).ffwhenfssf fallsfbelowf0.5vfandfvoutffallsfbelowftofvin,fthefshortedf ledf detectionf latchesf aref resetf andf af newf soft-startf se - quencefisfinitiatedftofresumefnormalfoperation. thermal shutdown (tsd) iffthefthermalfshutdownftemperaturefoff 50 c fisfreached,f afhiccupfsequencefisfinitiatedfwherefthefboostfconverterf andfallfiofcurrentfsourcesfarefturnedfof.fffssfisfdischargedf byf af af currentf source,f andf af 0.9maf dischargef pathf isf turnedfonftofpullfdownfvout.ffasftemperatureffallsfbelowf theftsdftripfpoint,fsc44 afwillfretryfwhenfssffallsfbelowf 0.5vfandfvoutffallsftofvin. pwm dimming thefpwmfinputfneedsftofbefheldfhighfforfnormalfoperation.ff pwmfdimmingfcanfbefdonefbyfcyclingfthefpwmfinputfatfaf givenffrequencyfwherefaflowfonfthefpwmfinputfturnsfoff allfiofcurrentfsourcesfandfafhighfturnsfonfallfiofcurrentf sources.ffthefshortfandfopenfdetectionflatchesfarefblankedf forfapproximatelyf2sfasfthefpwmfinputftransitionsffromf low-to-highftofpreventfaffalseffaultfdetectionfduringfpwmf dimming. thefpwmfpinfcanfbeftoggledfbyfexternalfcircuitryftofallowf pwmfdimming.ffinfaftypicalfapplication,fafmicrocontrollerf setsf af registerf Cf orf counter,f thatf variesf thef pulse-widthf onf af gpiof pin.f f thef sc44 af allowsf dimmingf overf twof decadesf inf frequencyf (50hzC50khz),f inf orderf tof allowf compatibilityfwithfafwidefrangefoffdevices,fincludingfthef newestf dimmingf strategiesf thatf avoidf thef audiof bandf byfusingfhighffrequencyfpwmfdimming.ffinfthisfmanner,f af widef rangef off illuminationf canf bef generatedf whilef keepingfthefinstantaneousfledfcurrentfatfitsfpeakfvaluef forfluminescentfefciencyfandfcolorfpurity.fffurthermore,f advancedflightingfefectsfsuchfasfbacklightfdim-onfcanfbef implementedfasfthefsc44 afcanfresolvef 0sf(minimum),f pwmfdimmingfpulse-width. asf farf asf thef maximumf pwmf dimmingf pulse-width,f itf dependsf onf thef pwmf dimmingf frequency.f clearly,f itf isf trivialf tof getf 00%f ledf brightnessf byf pullingf pwmf pinf highf constantly.f whenf thef userf triesf tof dimf thef ledf brightnessfusingfpwmfsignalffromf 00%fdown,fheforfshef needsftofobserveftheffollowing.fwhenfthefpwmfdimmingf signalf isf activelyf switchingf fromfhighf toflowf andf tof high,f theref isf af minimalf offf timef (t_of_min,f 200ns,f guaranteedfbyfdesign)frequirementfoffthefpwmfdimmingf signalf withf thisf ic.f f f f suchf minimalf offf timef setsf thef maximumfpwmfdutyfratiofbeforefhittingftof 00%finfthef followingfway. forf example,f iff thef pwmf dimmingf frequencyf f_ pwm=200hz,fthefd_max=99.996%.fifff_pwm=25khz,fthef d_max=99.5%.f withf mostf practicalf dimmingf interfaces,f pwm off f t d min _ max 1 SC441A 5 ?f2009fsemtechfcorporation www.semtech.com applications information (continued) thefneededfdimmingfstepsfandfresolutions,fitfisfuncommonf tofrunfintofthefabovefd_maxfbeforefreachingf 00%.fwhilef mostfapplicationsfwillfnotfrunfintofd_max,fthefdesignerf shouldfbefawarefoffpossiblefparasiticfelementsffromfpwmf dimmingf interfacef tof thef pwmf pinf off sc44 a.f usually,f simplyfcheckingfsignalfd_maxfatfpwmfpinfoffsc44 afisf sufcient. linear dimming thef linearf dimmingf controlf isf availablef forf sc44 af byf applyingf anf externalf controlf voltagef onf iosetf pinf throughf anf externalf resistor-likef circuitf (shownf below).f externalfenvironmentfbrightnessfcompensationfcanfalsof befachievedfwhenfthefcontrolfvoltagefisfgeneratedfbyfaf lightfsensorfcircuit. thefiosetfvoltagefisf0.5vfwhenflinearfdimmingfisfusedfandf thef minimumf iosetf currentf mustf bef higherf thanf 27af (i.e.f 5mafperfledfstring).fftheffexternalfcontrolfvoltagef slewfratefmustfslowfatf v/ 0ms. led strings connection generally,f ledf stringsf aref connectedf tof io f ~f io4f pinsf throughf af mechanicalf connectorf which,f generally,f can - notfsupportfanfelectricalfconnectionftherebyfresultingfinf signifcantf noise.f f consequently,f thef sc44 af ledf short- circuitf protectionf mayf falsef tripf whenf thef noisef levelf isf large.ffcertainfceramicfdecouplingfcapacitorfonfpinsfio f ~fio4ftofgndfarefusefulftofpreventfthefsc44 affromfnoisef infuence. asfafgeneralfguideline,fthefdecouplingfcapacitancefshouldf beflimitedfasffollows. where,fi_ledfisfthefledfcurrentfperfstring,fvofisfthefboostf outputfvoltagefandfc_dcplefisfthefsuggestedfdecouplingf capacitorfvalue. forf example,f iff i_led= 0ma,f vo= 3.5v,f thef calculatedf upperf boundf off c_dcplef isf aboutf 444pf.f onef couldf usef 390pff orf lessf inf thef circuit.f f iff i_led= 00ma,fvo= 3.5v,f thefcalculatedfupperfboundfoffc_dcplefisfaboutf4.44nf.f 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 d d c c b b a a v_ext r_ext r_ioset ioset onefmayfusef3.9nfforflessfinfthefcircuit.ffinfsomefappli - cations,fcircuitfdesignersftendftofselectfthefdecouplingf capacitorsfinfthefrangefoff( 00pff~f nf).ffforfsomeflowf ledfcurrentf(e.g.f 0ma)fapplications,fitfisfrecommendedf tofaddf m- 0mohmfresistorffromfiofpinftofgndfinforderf tofreducefiofpinfvoltagefduringfpwmfdimming. parallel operation whenftwoforfmorefsc44 asfarefoperatingfinfparallelfforf af large-sizedf panelf application,f audiblef noisef mayf bef observedf duef tof non-synchronousf switchingf frequency.f thefripplefvoltagefonfthefinputfvoltagefrailfwillfbefmod - ulatedf byf thef beatf frequencyf resultingf inf audiblef noise.f thisfsituationfcanfbefresolvedfbyfaddingfanfinputfinduc - torf betweenf inputf voltagef railf andf thef sc44 afvinf pin.f thisfsituationfcanfalsofbefimprovedfbyfaddingfmorefinputf decouplingfcapacitors.f inductor selection thefinductancefvaluefoffthefinductorfafectsfthefconvert - ersf steadyf statef operation,f transientf response,f andf itsf loopfstability.fspecialfattentionfneedsftofbefpaidftofthreef specifcationsfoffthefinductor,fitsfvalue,fitsfdcfresistancef andf saturationf current.fthef inductorsf inductancef valuef alsofdeterminesfthefinductorfripplefcurrent.fthefconverterf canfoperatefinfeitherfccmforfdcmfdependingfonfitsfwork - ingfconditions.fthefinductorfdcfcurrentforfinputfcurrentf canfbefcalculatedfas, 9 , 9 , , 1 2 8 7 2 8 7 , 1 ? ? i in f-finputfcurrent; ffffffffffi out fCfoutputfcurrent; ffffffffffv out fCfboostfoutputfvoltage; ffffffffffv in fCfinputfvoltage; fffffffffff fCfefciencyfoffthefboostfconverter. thenfthefdutyfratiofis, ' 2 8 7 ' , 1 2 8 7 9 9 9 9 9 ' v d f Cf forwardf conductionf dropf off thef outputf rectifyingf diode whenfthefboostfconverterfrunsfinfdcmf(flf |